source: vbox/trunk/src/libs/liblzma-5.4.1/common/index.c@ 98879

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
/// \file       index.c
/// \brief      Handling of .xz Indexes and some other Stream information
//
//  Author:     Lasse Collin
//
//  This file has been put into the public domain.
//  You can do whatever you want with this file.
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#include "common.h"
#include "index.h"
#include "stream_flags_common.h"


/// \brief      How many Records to allocate at once
///
/// This should be big enough to avoid making lots of tiny allocations
/// but small enough to avoid too much unused memory at once.
#define INDEX_GROUP_SIZE 512


/// \brief      How many Records can be allocated at once at maximum
#define PREALLOC_MAX ((SIZE_MAX - sizeof(index_group)) / sizeof(index_record))


/// \brief      Base structure for index_stream and index_group structures
typedef struct index_tree_node_s index_tree_node;
struct index_tree_node_s {
        /// Uncompressed start offset of this Stream (relative to the
        /// beginning of the file) or Block (relative to the beginning
        /// of the Stream)
        lzma_vli uncompressed_base;

        /// Compressed start offset of this Stream or Block
        lzma_vli compressed_base;

        index_tree_node *parent;
        index_tree_node *left;
        index_tree_node *right;
};


/// \brief      AVL tree to hold index_stream or index_group structures
typedef struct {
        /// Root node
        index_tree_node *root;

        /// Leftmost node. Since the tree will be filled sequentially,
        /// this won't change after the first node has been added to
        /// the tree.
        index_tree_node *leftmost;

        /// The rightmost node in the tree. Since the tree is filled
        /// sequentially, this is always the node where to add the new data.
        index_tree_node *rightmost;

        /// Number of nodes in the tree
        uint32_t count;

} index_tree;


typedef struct {
        lzma_vli uncompressed_sum;
        lzma_vli unpadded_sum;
} index_record;


typedef struct {
        /// Every Record group is part of index_stream.groups tree.
        index_tree_node node;

        /// Number of Blocks in this Stream before this group.
        lzma_vli number_base;

        /// Number of Records that can be put in records[].
        size_t allocated;

        /// Index of the last Record in use.
        size_t last;

        /// The sizes in this array are stored as cumulative sums relative
        /// to the beginning of the Stream. This makes it possible to
        /// use binary search in lzma_index_locate().
        ///
        /// Note that the cumulative summing is done specially for
        /// unpadded_sum: The previous value is rounded up to the next
        /// multiple of four before adding the Unpadded Size of the new
        /// Block. The total encoded size of the Blocks in the Stream
        /// is records[last].unpadded_sum in the last Record group of
        /// the Stream.
        ///
        /// For example, if the Unpadded Sizes are 39, 57, and 81, the
        /// stored values are 39, 97 (40 + 57), and 181 (100 + 181).
        /// The total encoded size of these Blocks is 184.
        ///
        /// This is a flexible array, because it makes easy to optimize
        /// memory usage in case someone concatenates many Streams that
        /// have only one or few Blocks.
        index_record records[];

} index_group;


typedef struct {
        /// Every index_stream is a node in the tree of Streams.
        index_tree_node node;

        /// Number of this Stream (first one is 1)
        uint32_t number;

        /// Total number of Blocks before this Stream
        lzma_vli block_number_base;

        /// Record groups of this Stream are stored in a tree.
        /// It's a T-tree with AVL-tree balancing. There are
        /// INDEX_GROUP_SIZE Records per node by default.
        /// This keeps the number of memory allocations reasonable
        /// and finding a Record is fast.
        index_tree groups;

        /// Number of Records in this Stream
        lzma_vli record_count;

        /// Size of the List of Records field in this Stream. This is used
        /// together with record_count to calculate the size of the Index
        /// field and thus the total size of the Stream.
        lzma_vli index_list_size;

        /// Stream Flags of this Stream. This is meaningful only if
        /// the Stream Flags have been told us with lzma_index_stream_flags().
        /// Initially stream_flags.version is set to UINT32_MAX to indicate
        /// that the Stream Flags are unknown.
        lzma_stream_flags stream_flags;

        /// Amount of Stream Padding after this Stream. This defaults to
        /// zero and can be set with lzma_index_stream_padding().
        lzma_vli stream_padding;

} index_stream;


struct lzma_index_s {
        /// AVL-tree containing the Stream(s). Often there is just one
        /// Stream, but using a tree keeps lookups fast even when there
        /// are many concatenated Streams.
        index_tree streams;

        /// Uncompressed size of all the Blocks in the Stream(s)
        lzma_vli uncompressed_size;

        /// Total size of all the Blocks in the Stream(s)
        lzma_vli total_size;

        /// Total number of Records in all Streams in this lzma_index
        lzma_vli record_count;

        /// Size of the List of Records field if all the Streams in this
        /// lzma_index were packed into a single Stream (makes it simpler to
        /// take many .xz files and combine them into a single Stream).
        ///
        /// This value together with record_count is needed to calculate
        /// Backward Size that is stored into Stream Footer.
        lzma_vli index_list_size;

        /// How many Records to allocate at once in lzma_index_append().
        /// This defaults to INDEX_GROUP_SIZE but can be overridden with
        /// lzma_index_prealloc().
        size_t prealloc;

        /// Bitmask indicating what integrity check types have been used
        /// as set by lzma_index_stream_flags(). The bit of the last Stream
        /// is not included here, since it is possible to change it by
        /// calling lzma_index_stream_flags() again.
        uint32_t checks;
};


static void
index_tree_init(index_tree *tree)
{
        tree->root = NULL;
        tree->leftmost = NULL;
        tree->rightmost = NULL;
        tree->count = 0;
        return;
}


/// Helper for index_tree_end()
static void
index_tree_node_end(index_tree_node *node, const lzma_allocator *allocator,
                void (*free_func)(void *node, const lzma_allocator *allocator))
{
        // The tree won't ever be very huge, so recursion should be fine.
        // 20 levels in the tree is likely quite a lot already in practice.
        if (node->left != NULL)
                index_tree_node_end(node->left, allocator, free_func);

        if (node->right != NULL)
                index_tree_node_end(node->right, allocator, free_func);

        free_func(node, allocator);
        return;
}


/// Free the memory allocated for a tree. Each node is freed using the
/// given free_func which is either &lzma_free or &index_stream_end.
/// The latter is used to free the Record groups from each index_stream
/// before freeing the index_stream itself.
static void
index_tree_end(index_tree *tree, const lzma_allocator *allocator,
                void (*free_func)(void *node, const lzma_allocator *allocator))
{
        assert(free_func != NULL);

        if (tree->root != NULL)
                index_tree_node_end(tree->root, allocator, free_func);

        return;
}


/// Add a new node to the tree. node->uncompressed_base and
/// node->compressed_base must have been set by the caller already.
static void
index_tree_append(index_tree *tree, index_tree_node *node)
{
        node->parent = tree->rightmost;
        node->left = NULL;
        node->right = NULL;

        ++tree->count;

        // Handle the special case of adding the first node.
        if (tree->root == NULL) {
                tree->root = node;
                tree->leftmost = node;
                tree->rightmost = node;
                return;
        }

        // The tree is always filled sequentially.
        assert(tree->rightmost->uncompressed_base <= node->uncompressed_base);
        assert(tree->rightmost->compressed_base < node->compressed_base);

        // Add the new node after the rightmost node. It's the correct
        // place due to the reason above.
        tree->rightmost->right = node;
        tree->rightmost = node;

        // Balance the AVL-tree if needed. We don't need to keep the balance
        // factors in nodes, because we always fill the tree sequentially,
        // and thus know the state of the tree just by looking at the node
        // count. From the node count we can calculate how many steps to go
        // up in the tree to find the rotation root.
        uint32_t up = tree->count ^ (UINT32_C(1) << bsr32(tree->count));
        if (up != 0) {
                // Locate the root node for the rotation.
                up = ctz32(tree->count) + 2;
                do {
                        node = node->parent;
                } while (--up > 0);

                // Rotate left using node as the rotation root.
                index_tree_node *pivot = node->right;

                if (node->parent == NULL) {
                        tree->root = pivot;
                } else {
                        assert(node->parent->right == node);
                        node->parent->right = pivot;
                }

                pivot->parent = node->parent;

                node->right = pivot->left;
                if (node->right != NULL)
                        node->right->parent = node;

                pivot->left = node;
                node->parent = pivot;
        }

        return;
}


/// Get the next node in the tree. Return NULL if there are no more nodes.
static void *
index_tree_next(const index_tree_node *node)
{
        if (node->right != NULL) {
                node = node->right;
                while (node->left != NULL)
                        node = node->left;

                return (void *)(node);
        }

        while (node->parent != NULL && node->parent->right == node)
                node = node->parent;

        return (void *)(node->parent);
}


/// Locate a node that contains the given uncompressed offset. It is
/// caller's job to check that target is not bigger than the uncompressed
/// size of the tree (the last node would be returned in that case still).
static void *
index_tree_locate(const index_tree *tree, lzma_vli target)
{
        const index_tree_node *result = NULL;
        const index_tree_node *node = tree->root;

        assert(tree->leftmost == NULL
                        || tree->leftmost->uncompressed_base == 0);

        // Consecutive nodes may have the same uncompressed_base.
        // We must pick the rightmost one.
        while (node != NULL) {
                if (node->uncompressed_base > target) {
                        node = node->left;
                } else {
                        result = node;
                        node = node->right;
                }
        }

        return (void *)(result);
}


/// Allocate and initialize a new Stream using the given base offsets.
static index_stream *
index_stream_init(lzma_vli compressed_base, lzma_vli uncompressed_base,
                uint32_t stream_number, lzma_vli block_number_base,
                const lzma_allocator *allocator)
{
        index_stream *s = lzma_alloc(sizeof(index_stream), allocator);
        if (s == NULL)
                return NULL;

        s->node.uncompressed_base = uncompressed_base;
        s->node.compressed_base = compressed_base;
        s->node.parent = NULL;
        s->node.left = NULL;
        s->node.right = NULL;

        s->number = stream_number;
        s->block_number_base = block_number_base;

        index_tree_init(&s->groups);

        s->record_count = 0;
        s->index_list_size = 0;
        s->stream_flags.version = UINT32_MAX;
        s->stream_padding = 0;

        return s;
}


/// Free the memory allocated for a Stream and its Record groups.
static void
index_stream_end(void *node, const lzma_allocator *allocator)
{
        index_stream *s = node;
        index_tree_end(&s->groups, allocator, &lzma_free);
        lzma_free(s, allocator);
        return;
}


static lzma_index *
index_init_plain(const lzma_allocator *allocator)
{
        lzma_index *i = lzma_alloc(sizeof(lzma_index), allocator);
        if (i != NULL) {
                index_tree_init(&i->streams);
                i->uncompressed_size = 0;
                i->total_size = 0;
                i->record_count = 0;
                i->index_list_size = 0;
                i->prealloc = INDEX_GROUP_SIZE;
                i->checks = 0;
        }

        return i;
}


extern LZMA_API(lzma_index *)
lzma_index_init(const lzma_allocator *allocator)
{
        lzma_index *i = index_init_plain(allocator);
        if (i == NULL)
                return NULL;

        index_stream *s = index_stream_init(0, 0, 1, 0, allocator);
        if (s == NULL) {
                lzma_free(i, allocator);
                return NULL;
        }

        index_tree_append(&i->streams, &s->node);

        return i;
}


extern LZMA_API(void)
lzma_index_end(lzma_index *i, const lzma_allocator *allocator)
{
        // NOTE: If you modify this function, check also the bottom
        // of lzma_index_cat().
        if (i != NULL) {
                index_tree_end(&i->streams, allocator, &index_stream_end);
                lzma_free(i, allocator);
        }

        return;
}


extern void
lzma_index_prealloc(lzma_index *i, lzma_vli records)
{
        if (records > PREALLOC_MAX)
                records = PREALLOC_MAX;

        i->prealloc = (size_t)(records);
        return;
}


extern LZMA_API(uint64_t)
lzma_index_memusage(lzma_vli streams, lzma_vli blocks)
{
        // This calculates an upper bound that is only a little bit
        // bigger than the exact maximum memory usage with the given
        // parameters.

        // Typical malloc() overhead is 2 * sizeof(void *) but we take
        // a little bit extra just in case. Using LZMA_MEMUSAGE_BASE
        // instead would give too inaccurate estimate.
        const size_t alloc_overhead = 4 * sizeof(void *);

        // Amount of memory needed for each Stream base structures.
        // We assume that every Stream has at least one Block and
        // thus at least one group.
        const size_t stream_base = sizeof(index_stream)
                        + sizeof(index_group) + 2 * alloc_overhead;

        // Amount of memory needed per group.
        const size_t group_base = sizeof(index_group)
                        + INDEX_GROUP_SIZE * sizeof(index_record)
                        + alloc_overhead;

        // Number of groups. There may actually be more, but that overhead
        // has been taken into account in stream_base already.
        const lzma_vli groups
                        = (blocks + INDEX_GROUP_SIZE - 1) / INDEX_GROUP_SIZE;

        // Memory used by index_stream and index_group structures.
        const uint64_t streams_mem = streams * stream_base;
        const uint64_t groups_mem = groups * group_base;

        // Memory used by the base structure.
        const uint64_t index_base = sizeof(lzma_index) + alloc_overhead;

        // Validate the arguments and catch integer overflows.
        // Maximum number of Streams is "only" UINT32_MAX, because
        // that limit is used by the tree containing the Streams.
        const uint64_t limit = UINT64_MAX - index_base;
        if (streams == 0 || streams > UINT32_MAX || blocks > LZMA_VLI_MAX
                        || streams > limit / stream_base
                        || groups > limit / group_base
                        || limit - streams_mem < groups_mem)
                return UINT64_MAX;

        return index_base + streams_mem + groups_mem;
}


extern LZMA_API(uint64_t)
lzma_index_memused(const lzma_index *i)
{
        return lzma_index_memusage(i->streams.count, i->record_count);
}


extern LZMA_API(lzma_vli)
lzma_index_block_count(const lzma_index *i)
{
        return i->record_count;
}


extern LZMA_API(lzma_vli)
lzma_index_stream_count(const lzma_index *i)
{
        return i->streams.count;
}


extern LZMA_API(lzma_vli)
lzma_index_size(const lzma_index *i)
{
        return index_size(i->record_count, i->index_list_size);
}


extern LZMA_API(lzma_vli)
lzma_index_total_size(const lzma_index *i)
{
        return i->total_size;
}


extern LZMA_API(lzma_vli)
lzma_index_stream_size(const lzma_index *i)
{
        // Stream Header + Blocks + Index + Stream Footer
        return LZMA_STREAM_HEADER_SIZE + i->total_size
                        + index_size(i->record_count, i->index_list_size)
                        + LZMA_STREAM_HEADER_SIZE;
}


static lzma_vli
index_file_size(lzma_vli compressed_base, lzma_vli unpadded_sum,
                lzma_vli record_count, lzma_vli index_list_size,
                lzma_vli stream_padding)
{
        // Earlier Streams and Stream Paddings + Stream Header
        // + Blocks + Index + Stream Footer + Stream Padding
        //
        // This might go over LZMA_VLI_MAX due to too big unpadded_sum
        // when this function is used in lzma_index_append().
        lzma_vli file_size = compressed_base + 2 * LZMA_STREAM_HEADER_SIZE
                        + stream_padding + vli_ceil4(unpadded_sum);
        if (file_size > LZMA_VLI_MAX)
                return LZMA_VLI_UNKNOWN;

        // The same applies here.
        file_size += index_size(record_count, index_list_size);
        if (file_size > LZMA_VLI_MAX)
                return LZMA_VLI_UNKNOWN;

        return file_size;
}


extern LZMA_API(lzma_vli)
lzma_index_file_size(const lzma_index *i)
{
        const index_stream *s = (const index_stream *)(i->streams.rightmost);
        const index_group *g = (const index_group *)(s->groups.rightmost);
        return index_file_size(s->node.compressed_base,
                        g == NULL ? 0 : g->records[g->last].unpadded_sum,
                        s->record_count, s->index_list_size,
                        s->stream_padding);
}


extern LZMA_API(lzma_vli)
lzma_index_uncompressed_size(const lzma_index *i)
{
        return i->uncompressed_size;
}


extern LZMA_API(uint32_t)
lzma_index_checks(const lzma_index *i)
{
        uint32_t checks = i->checks;

        // Get the type of the Check of the last Stream too.
        const index_stream *s = (const index_stream *)(i->streams.rightmost);
        if (s->stream_flags.version != UINT32_MAX)
                checks |= UINT32_C(1) << s->stream_flags.check;

        return checks;
}


extern uint32_t
lzma_index_padding_size(const lzma_index *i)
{
        return (LZMA_VLI_C(4) - index_size_unpadded(
                        i->record_count, i->index_list_size)) & 3;
}


extern LZMA_API(lzma_ret)
lzma_index_stream_flags(lzma_index *i, const lzma_stream_flags *stream_flags)
{
        if (i == NULL || stream_flags == NULL)
                return LZMA_PROG_ERROR;

        // Validate the Stream Flags.
        return_if_error(lzma_stream_flags_compare(
                        stream_flags, stream_flags));

        index_stream *s = (index_stream *)(i->streams.rightmost);
        s->stream_flags = *stream_flags;

        return LZMA_OK;
}


extern LZMA_API(lzma_ret)
lzma_index_stream_padding(lzma_index *i, lzma_vli stream_padding)
{
        if (i == NULL || stream_padding > LZMA_VLI_MAX
                        || (stream_padding & 3) != 0)
                return LZMA_PROG_ERROR;

        index_stream *s = (index_stream *)(i->streams.rightmost);

        // Check that the new value won't make the file grow too big.
        const lzma_vli old_stream_padding = s->stream_padding;
        s->stream_padding = 0;
        if (lzma_index_file_size(i) + stream_padding > LZMA_VLI_MAX) {
                s->stream_padding = old_stream_padding;
                return LZMA_DATA_ERROR;
        }

        s->stream_padding = stream_padding;
        return LZMA_OK;
}


extern LZMA_API(lzma_ret)
lzma_index_append(lzma_index *i, const lzma_allocator *allocator,
                lzma_vli unpadded_size, lzma_vli uncompressed_size)
{
        // Validate.
        if (i == NULL || unpadded_size < UNPADDED_SIZE_MIN
                        || unpadded_size > UNPADDED_SIZE_MAX
                        || uncompressed_size > LZMA_VLI_MAX)
                return LZMA_PROG_ERROR;

        index_stream *s = (index_stream *)(i->streams.rightmost);
        index_group *g = (index_group *)(s->groups.rightmost);

        const lzma_vli compressed_base = g == NULL ? 0
                        : vli_ceil4(g->records[g->last].unpadded_sum);
        const lzma_vli uncompressed_base = g == NULL ? 0
                        : g->records[g->last].uncompressed_sum;
        const uint32_t index_list_size_add = lzma_vli_size(unpadded_size)
                        + lzma_vli_size(uncompressed_size);

        // Check that uncompressed size will not overflow.
        if (uncompressed_base + uncompressed_size > LZMA_VLI_MAX)
                return LZMA_DATA_ERROR;

        // Check that the file size will stay within limits.
        if (index_file_size(s->node.compressed_base,
                        compressed_base + unpadded_size, s->record_count + 1,
                        s->index_list_size + index_list_size_add,
                        s->stream_padding) == LZMA_VLI_UNKNOWN)
                return LZMA_DATA_ERROR;

        // The size of the Index field must not exceed the maximum value
        // that can be stored in the Backward Size field.
        if (index_size(i->record_count + 1,
                        i->index_list_size + index_list_size_add)
                        > LZMA_BACKWARD_SIZE_MAX)
                return LZMA_DATA_ERROR;

        if (g != NULL && g->last + 1 < g->allocated) {
                // There is space in the last group at least for one Record.
                ++g->last;
        } else {
                // We need to allocate a new group.
                g = lzma_alloc(sizeof(index_group)
                                + i->prealloc * sizeof(index_record),
                                allocator);
                if (g == NULL)
                        return LZMA_MEM_ERROR;

                g->last = 0;
                g->allocated = i->prealloc;

                // Reset prealloc so that if the application happens to
                // add new Records, the allocation size will be sane.
                i->prealloc = INDEX_GROUP_SIZE;

                // Set the start offsets of this group.
                g->node.uncompressed_base = uncompressed_base;
                g->node.compressed_base = compressed_base;
                g->number_base = s->record_count + 1;

                // Add the new group to the Stream.
                index_tree_append(&s->groups, &g->node);
        }

        // Add the new Record to the group.
        g->records[g->last].uncompressed_sum
                        = uncompressed_base + uncompressed_size;
        g->records[g->last].unpadded_sum
                        = compressed_base + unpadded_size;

        // Update the totals.
        ++s->record_count;
        s->index_list_size += index_list_size_add;

        i->total_size += vli_ceil4(unpadded_size);
        i->uncompressed_size += uncompressed_size;
        ++i->record_count;
        i->index_list_size += index_list_size_add;

        return LZMA_OK;
}


/// Structure to pass info to index_cat_helper()
typedef struct {
        /// Uncompressed size of the destination
        lzma_vli uncompressed_size;

        /// Compressed file size of the destination
        lzma_vli file_size;

        /// Same as above but for Block numbers
        lzma_vli block_number_add;

        /// Number of Streams that were in the destination index before we
        /// started appending new Streams from the source index. This is
        /// used to fix the Stream numbering.
        uint32_t stream_number_add;

        /// Destination index' Stream tree
        index_tree *streams;

} index_cat_info;


/// Add the Stream nodes from the source index to dest using recursion.
/// Simplest iterative traversal of the source tree wouldn't work, because
/// we update the pointers in nodes when moving them to the destination tree.
static void
index_cat_helper(const index_cat_info *info, index_stream *this)
{
        index_stream *left = (index_stream *)(this->node.left);
        index_stream *right = (index_stream *)(this->node.right);

        if (left != NULL)
                index_cat_helper(info, left);

        this->node.uncompressed_base += info->uncompressed_size;
        this->node.compressed_base += info->file_size;
        this->number += info->stream_number_add;
        this->block_number_base += info->block_number_add;
        index_tree_append(info->streams, &this->node);

        if (right != NULL)
                index_cat_helper(info, right);

        return;
}


extern LZMA_API(lzma_ret)
lzma_index_cat(lzma_index *restrict dest, lzma_index *restrict src,
                const lzma_allocator *allocator)
{
        if (dest == NULL || src == NULL)
                return LZMA_PROG_ERROR;

        const lzma_vli dest_file_size = lzma_index_file_size(dest);

        // Check that we don't exceed the file size limits.
        if (dest_file_size + lzma_index_file_size(src) > LZMA_VLI_MAX
                        || dest->uncompressed_size + src->uncompressed_size
                                > LZMA_VLI_MAX)
                return LZMA_DATA_ERROR;

        // Check that the encoded size of the combined lzma_indexes stays
        // within limits. In theory, this should be done only if we know
        // that the user plans to actually combine the Streams and thus
        // construct a single Index (probably rare). However, exceeding
        // this limit is quite theoretical, so we do this check always
        // to simplify things elsewhere.
        {
                const lzma_vli dest_size = index_size_unpadded(
                                dest->record_count, dest->index_list_size);
                const lzma_vli src_size = index_size_unpadded(
                                src->record_count, src->index_list_size);
                if (vli_ceil4(dest_size + src_size) > LZMA_BACKWARD_SIZE_MAX)
                        return LZMA_DATA_ERROR;
        }

        // Optimize the last group to minimize memory usage. Allocation has
        // to be done before modifying dest or src.
        {
                index_stream *s = (index_stream *)(dest->streams.rightmost);
                index_group *g = (index_group *)(s->groups.rightmost);
                if (g != NULL && g->last + 1 < g->allocated) {
                        assert(g->node.left == NULL);
                        assert(g->node.right == NULL);

                        index_group *newg = lzma_alloc(sizeof(index_group)
                                        + (g->last + 1)
                                        * sizeof(index_record),
                                        allocator);
                        if (newg == NULL)
                                return LZMA_MEM_ERROR;

                        newg->node = g->node;
                        newg->allocated = g->last + 1;
                        newg->last = g->last;
                        newg->number_base = g->number_base;

                        memcpy(newg->records, g->records, newg->allocated
                                        * sizeof(index_record));

                        if (g->node.parent != NULL) {
                                assert(g->node.parent->right == &g->node);
                                g->node.parent->right = &newg->node;
                        }

                        if (s->groups.leftmost == &g->node) {
                                assert(s->groups.root == &g->node);
                                s->groups.leftmost = &newg->node;
                                s->groups.root = &newg->node;
                        }

                        assert(s->groups.rightmost == &g->node);
                        s->groups.rightmost = &newg->node;

                        lzma_free(g, allocator);

                        // NOTE: newg isn't leaked here because
                        // newg == (void *)&newg->node.
                }
        }

        // dest->checks includes the check types of all except the last Stream
        // in dest. Set the bit for the check type of the last Stream now so
        // that it won't get lost when Stream(s) from src are appended to dest.
        dest->checks = lzma_index_checks(dest);

        // Add all the Streams from src to dest. Update the base offsets
        // of each Stream from src.
        const index_cat_info info = {
                .uncompressed_size = dest->uncompressed_size,
                .file_size = dest_file_size,
                .stream_number_add = dest->streams.count,
                .block_number_add = dest->record_count,
                .streams = &dest->streams,
        };
        index_cat_helper(&info, (index_stream *)(src->streams.root));

        // Update info about all the combined Streams.
        dest->uncompressed_size += src->uncompressed_size;
        dest->total_size += src->total_size;
        dest->record_count += src->record_count;
        dest->index_list_size += src->index_list_size;
        dest->checks |= src->checks;

        // There's nothing else left in src than the base structure.
        lzma_free(src, allocator);

        return LZMA_OK;
}


/// Duplicate an index_stream.
static index_stream *
index_dup_stream(const index_stream *src, const lzma_allocator *allocator)
{
        // Catch a somewhat theoretical integer overflow.
        if (src->record_count > PREALLOC_MAX)
                return NULL;

        // Allocate and initialize a new Stream.
        index_stream *dest = index_stream_init(src->node.compressed_base,
                        src->node.uncompressed_base, src->number,
                        src->block_number_base, allocator);
        if (dest == NULL)
                return NULL;

        // Copy the overall information.
        dest->record_count = src->record_count;
        dest->index_list_size = src->index_list_size;
        dest->stream_flags = src->stream_flags;
        dest->stream_padding = src->stream_padding;

        // Return if there are no groups to duplicate.
        if (src->groups.leftmost == NULL)
                return dest;

        // Allocate memory for the Records. We put all the Records into
        // a single group. It's simplest and also tends to make
        // lzma_index_locate() a little bit faster with very big Indexes.
        index_group *destg = lzma_alloc(sizeof(index_group)
                        + src->record_count * sizeof(index_record),
                        allocator);
        if (destg == NULL) {
                index_stream_end(dest, allocator);
                return NULL;
        }

        // Initialize destg.
        destg->node.uncompressed_base = 0;
        destg->node.compressed_base = 0;
        destg->number_base = 1;
        destg->allocated = src->record_count;
        destg->last = src->record_count - 1;

        // Go through all the groups in src and copy the Records into destg.
        const index_group *srcg = (const index_group *)(src->groups.leftmost);
        size_t i = 0;
        do {
                memcpy(destg->records + i, srcg->records,
                                (srcg->last + 1) * sizeof(index_record));
                i += srcg->last + 1;
                srcg = index_tree_next(&srcg->node);
        } while (srcg != NULL);

        assert(i == destg->allocated);

        // Add the group to the new Stream.
        index_tree_append(&dest->groups, &destg->node);

        return dest;
}


extern LZMA_API(lzma_index *)
lzma_index_dup(const lzma_index *src, const lzma_allocator *allocator)
{
        // Allocate the base structure (no initial Stream).
        lzma_index *dest = index_init_plain(allocator);
        if (dest == NULL)
                return NULL;

        // Copy the totals.
        dest->uncompressed_size = src->uncompressed_size;
        dest->total_size = src->total_size;
        dest->record_count = src->record_count;
        dest->index_list_size = src->index_list_size;

        // Copy the Streams and the groups in them.
        const index_stream *srcstream
                        = (const index_stream *)(src->streams.leftmost);
        do {
                index_stream *deststream = index_dup_stream(
                                srcstream, allocator);
                if (deststream == NULL) {
                        lzma_index_end(dest, allocator);
                        return NULL;
                }

                index_tree_append(&dest->streams, &deststream->node);

                srcstream = index_tree_next(&srcstream->node);
        } while (srcstream != NULL);

        return dest;
}


/// Indexing for lzma_index_iter.internal[]
enum {
        ITER_INDEX,
        ITER_STREAM,
        ITER_GROUP,
        ITER_RECORD,
        ITER_METHOD,
};


/// Values for lzma_index_iter.internal[ITER_METHOD].s
enum {
        ITER_METHOD_NORMAL,
        ITER_METHOD_NEXT,
        ITER_METHOD_LEFTMOST,
};


static void
iter_set_info(lzma_index_iter *iter)
{
        const lzma_index *i = iter->internal[ITER_INDEX].p;
        const index_stream *stream = iter->internal[ITER_STREAM].p;
        const index_group *group = iter->internal[ITER_GROUP].p;
        const size_t record = iter->internal[ITER_RECORD].s;

        // lzma_index_iter.internal must not contain a pointer to the last
        // group in the index, because that may be reallocated by
        // lzma_index_cat().
        if (group == NULL) {
                // There are no groups.
                assert(stream->groups.root == NULL);
                iter->internal[ITER_METHOD].s = ITER_METHOD_LEFTMOST;

        } else if (i->streams.rightmost != &stream->node
                        || stream->groups.rightmost != &group->node) {
                // The group is not not the last group in the index.
                iter->internal[ITER_METHOD].s = ITER_METHOD_NORMAL;

        } else if (stream->groups.leftmost != &group->node) {
                // The group isn't the only group in the Stream, thus we
                // know that it must have a parent group i.e. it's not
                // the root node.
                assert(stream->groups.root != &group->node);
                assert(group->node.parent->right == &group->node);
                iter->internal[ITER_METHOD].s = ITER_METHOD_NEXT;
                iter->internal[ITER_GROUP].p = group->node.parent;

        } else {
                // The Stream has only one group.
                assert(stream->groups.root == &group->node);
                assert(group->node.parent == NULL);
                iter->internal[ITER_METHOD].s = ITER_METHOD_LEFTMOST;
                iter->internal[ITER_GROUP].p = NULL;
        }

        // NOTE: lzma_index_iter.stream.number is lzma_vli but we use uint32_t
        // internally.
        iter->stream.number = stream->number;
        iter->stream.block_count = stream->record_count;
        iter->stream.compressed_offset = stream->node.compressed_base;
        iter->stream.uncompressed_offset = stream->node.uncompressed_base;

        // iter->stream.flags will be NULL if the Stream Flags haven't been
        // set with lzma_index_stream_flags().
        iter->stream.flags = stream->stream_flags.version == UINT32_MAX
                        ? NULL : &stream->stream_flags;
        iter->stream.padding = stream->stream_padding;

        if (stream->groups.rightmost == NULL) {
                // Stream has no Blocks.
                iter->stream.compressed_size = index_size(0, 0)
                                + 2 * LZMA_STREAM_HEADER_SIZE;
                iter->stream.uncompressed_size = 0;
        } else {
                const index_group *g = (const index_group *)(
                                stream->groups.rightmost);

                // Stream Header + Stream Footer + Index + Blocks
                iter->stream.compressed_size = 2 * LZMA_STREAM_HEADER_SIZE
                                + index_size(stream->record_count,
                                        stream->index_list_size)
                                + vli_ceil4(g->records[g->last].unpadded_sum);
                iter->stream.uncompressed_size
                                = g->records[g->last].uncompressed_sum;
        }

        if (group != NULL) {
                iter->block.number_in_stream = group->number_base + record;
                iter->block.number_in_file = iter->block.number_in_stream
                                + stream->block_number_base;

                iter->block.compressed_stream_offset
                                = record == 0 ? group->node.compressed_base
                                : vli_ceil4(group->records[
                                        record - 1].unpadded_sum);
                iter->block.uncompressed_stream_offset
                                = record == 0 ? group->node.uncompressed_base
                                : group->records[record - 1].uncompressed_sum;

                iter->block.uncompressed_size
                                = group->records[record].uncompressed_sum
                                - iter->block.uncompressed_stream_offset;
                iter->block.unpadded_size
                                = group->records[record].unpadded_sum
                                - iter->block.compressed_stream_offset;
                iter->block.total_size = vli_ceil4(iter->block.unpadded_size);

                iter->block.compressed_stream_offset
                                += LZMA_STREAM_HEADER_SIZE;

                iter->block.compressed_file_offset
                                = iter->block.compressed_stream_offset
                                + iter->stream.compressed_offset;
                iter->block.uncompressed_file_offset
                                = iter->block.uncompressed_stream_offset
                                + iter->stream.uncompressed_offset;
        }

        return;
}


extern LZMA_API(void)
lzma_index_iter_init(lzma_index_iter *iter, const lzma_index *i)
{
        iter->internal[ITER_INDEX].p = i;
        lzma_index_iter_rewind(iter);
        return;
}


extern LZMA_API(void)
lzma_index_iter_rewind(lzma_index_iter *iter)
{
        iter->internal[ITER_STREAM].p = NULL;
        iter->internal[ITER_GROUP].p = NULL;
        iter->internal[ITER_RECORD].s = 0;
        iter->internal[ITER_METHOD].s = ITER_METHOD_NORMAL;
        return;
}


extern LZMA_API(lzma_bool)
lzma_index_iter_next(lzma_index_iter *iter, lzma_index_iter_mode mode)
{
        // Catch unsupported mode values.
        if ((unsigned int)(mode) > LZMA_INDEX_ITER_NONEMPTY_BLOCK)
                return true;

        const lzma_index *i = iter->internal[ITER_INDEX].p;
        const index_stream *stream = iter->internal[ITER_STREAM].p;
        const index_group *group = NULL;
        size_t record = iter->internal[ITER_RECORD].s;

        // If we are being asked for the next Stream, leave group to NULL
        // so that the rest of the this function thinks that this Stream
        // has no groups and will thus go to the next Stream.
        if (mode != LZMA_INDEX_ITER_STREAM) {
                // Get the pointer to the current group. See iter_set_inf()
                // for explanation.
                switch (iter->internal[ITER_METHOD].s) {
                case ITER_METHOD_NORMAL:
                        group = iter->internal[ITER_GROUP].p;
                        break;

                case ITER_METHOD_NEXT:
                        group = index_tree_next(iter->internal[ITER_GROUP].p);
                        break;

                case ITER_METHOD_LEFTMOST:
                        group = (const index_group *)(
                                        stream->groups.leftmost);
                        break;
                }
        }

again:
        if (stream == NULL) {
                // We at the beginning of the lzma_index.
                // Locate the first Stream.
                stream = (const index_stream *)(i->streams.leftmost);
                if (mode >= LZMA_INDEX_ITER_BLOCK) {
                        // Since we are being asked to return information
                        // about the first a Block, skip Streams that have
                        // no Blocks.
                        while (stream->groups.leftmost == NULL) {
                                stream = index_tree_next(&stream->node);
                                if (stream == NULL)
                                        return true;
                        }
                }

                // Start from the first Record in the Stream.
                group = (const index_group *)(stream->groups.leftmost);
                record = 0;

        } else if (group != NULL && record < group->last) {
                // The next Record is in the same group.
                ++record;

        } else {
                // This group has no more Records or this Stream has
                // no Blocks at all.
                record = 0;

                // If group is not NULL, this Stream has at least one Block
                // and thus at least one group. Find the next group.
                if (group != NULL)
                        group = index_tree_next(&group->node);

                if (group == NULL) {
                        // This Stream has no more Records. Find the next
                        // Stream. If we are being asked to return information
                        // about a Block, we skip empty Streams.
                        do {
                                stream = index_tree_next(&stream->node);
                                if (stream == NULL)
                                        return true;
                        } while (mode >= LZMA_INDEX_ITER_BLOCK
                                        && stream->groups.leftmost == NULL);

                        group = (const index_group *)(
                                        stream->groups.leftmost);
                }
        }

        if (mode == LZMA_INDEX_ITER_NONEMPTY_BLOCK) {
                // We need to look for the next Block again if this Block
                // is empty.
                if (record == 0) {
                        if (group->node.uncompressed_base
                                        == group->records[0].uncompressed_sum)
                                goto again;
                } else if (group->records[record - 1].uncompressed_sum
                                == group->records[record].uncompressed_sum) {
                        goto again;
                }
        }

        iter->internal[ITER_STREAM].p = stream;
        iter->internal[ITER_GROUP].p = group;
        iter->internal[ITER_RECORD].s = record;

        iter_set_info(iter);

        return false;
}


extern LZMA_API(lzma_bool)
lzma_index_iter_locate(lzma_index_iter *iter, lzma_vli target)
{
        const lzma_index *i = iter->internal[ITER_INDEX].p;

        // If the target is past the end of the file, return immediately.
        if (i->uncompressed_size <= target)
                return true;

        // Locate the Stream containing the target offset.
        const index_stream *stream = index_tree_locate(&i->streams, target);
        assert(stream != NULL);
        target -= stream->node.uncompressed_base;

        // Locate the group containing the target offset.
        const index_group *group = index_tree_locate(&stream->groups, target);
        assert(group != NULL);

        // Use binary search to locate the exact Record. It is the first
        // Record whose uncompressed_sum is greater than target.
        // This is because we want the rightmost Record that fulfills the
        // search criterion. It is possible that there are empty Blocks;
        // we don't want to return them.
        size_t left = 0;
        size_t right = group->last;

        while (left < right) {
                const size_t pos = left + (right - left) / 2;
                if (group->records[pos].uncompressed_sum <= target)
                        left = pos + 1;
                else
                        right = pos;
        }

        iter->internal[ITER_STREAM].p = stream;
        iter->internal[ITER_GROUP].p = group;
        iter->internal[ITER_RECORD].s = left;

        iter_set_info(iter);

        return false;
}